القسم الرابع: نظام المعاملات المالية والأحكام

Section Four: The System of Financial Transactions and Legal Rulings

الباب الأول: البيوع والتجارة والمعاملات والدين

Chapter One: Sales, Trade, Transactions, and Debt

قال رسول الله ﷺ «أَدْخَلَ الله الجَنَّةَ رَجُلًا كَانَ سَهْلًا: مُشْتَرِيًا، وَبَائِعًا، وَقَاضِيًا، وَمُقْتَضِيًا».

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "May Allah admit to Paradise a man who is easygoing — as a buyer, as a seller, as a judge, and as a claimant (debt-collector)."

قال رسول الله ﷺ «أَمَّا بَعْدُ، فَمَا بَالُ أَقْوَامٍ يَشْتَرِطُونَ شُرُوطًا لَيْسَتْ فِي كِتَابِ اللهِ، مَا كَانَ مِنْ شَرْطٍ لَيْسَ فِي كِتَابِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فَهُوَ بَاطِلٌ، وَإِنْ كَانَ مِائَةَ شَرْطٍ، قَضَاءُ اللهِ أَحَقُّ، وَشَرْطُ اللهِ أَوْثَقُ، وَإِنَّمَا الْوَلَاءُ لِمَنْ أَعْتَقَ».

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "As for what follows: what is the matter with people who stipulate conditions that are not in the Book of Allah? Any condition that is not in the Book of Allah, Mighty and Exalted, is void, even if it were a hundred conditions. The judgment of Allah is more rightful, and the condition of Allah is more firm; and loyalty/bond belongs to the one who freed (a slave)."

قال رسول الله ﷺ «ثَلَاثَةٌ لَا يُكَلِّمُهُمُ اللهُ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ وَلَا يَنْظُرُ إِلَيْهِمْ رَجُلٌ حَلَفَ عَلَى سِلْعَةٍ لَقَدْ أُعْطِيَ بِهَا أَكْثَرَ مِمَّا أُعْطِيَ وَهُوَ كَاذِبٌ، وَرَجُلٌ حَلَفَ عَلَى يَمِينٍ كَاذِبَةٍ لِيَقْتَطِعَ بِهَا مَالَ رَجُلٍ مُسْلِمٍ، وَرَجُلٌ مَنَعَ فَضْلَ مَاءٍ فَيَقُولُ اللهُ الْيَوْمَ أَمْنَعُكَ فَضْلِي كَمَا مَنَعْتَ فَضْلَ مَا لَمْ تَعْمَلْ يَدَاكَ».

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "Three whom Allah will not speak to on the Day of Resurrection nor look at: a man who swore about a commodity that he had been given more for it than he had actually been given and he is a liar; a man who swore a false oath to appropriate the wealth of a Muslim; and a man who withheld surplus water — so Allah will say on that Day, 'I will withhold My bounty from you as you withheld the surplus of what your hands did not produce.'"

قال رسول الله ﷺ «رَحِمَ الله عَبْدًا سَمْحًا إِذَا بَاعَ، سَمْحًا إِذَا اشْتَرَى، سَمْحًا إِذَا قَضَى، سَمْحًا إِذَا اقْتَضَى».

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "May Allah have mercy on a person who is lenient when he sells, lenient when he buys, lenient when he judges, and lenient when he collects (a debt)."

قال رسول الله ﷺ «لا تَحَاسَدُوا، وَلا تَنَاجَشُوا، وَلا تَبَاغَضُوا، وَلا تَدَابَرُوا، وَلا يَبِعْ بَعْضُكُمْ عَلَى بَيْعِ بَعْضٍ، وَكُونُوا عِبَادَ الله إِخْوَانًا، الْمُسْلِمُ أَخُو الْمُسْلِمِ، لا يَظْلِمُهُ، وَلا يَخْذُلُهُ، وَلَا يَحْقِرُهُ، التَّقْوَى هَاهُنَا، وَأَشَارَ إِلَى صَدْرِهِ، بِحَسْبِ امْرِئٍ مِنَ الشَّرِّ أَنْ يَحْقِرَ أَخَاهُ الْمُسْلِمَ، كُلُّ الْمُسْلِمِ عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِ حَرَامٌ، دَمُهُ، وَمَالُهُ، وَعِرْضُهُ».

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "Do not envy one another, do not bid against one another (in order to outbid), do not hate one another, do not turn your backs on one another, and let none of you undercut another's sale. Be servants of Allah and brothers. The Muslim is the brother of the Muslim: he neither wrongs him nor abandons him nor belittles him. Piety is here" — and he pointed to his chest — "It is enough evil for a man to despise his Muslim brother. Every Muslim is inviolable to another Muslim: his blood, his wealth, and his honor."

قال رسول الله ﷺ «لا يَمْنَعُ أَحَدُكُمْ فَضْلَ مَاءٍ لِيَمْنَعَ بِهِ الْكَلأ».

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "None of you should withhold surplus water so as to prevent the growth of vegetation (pasture)."

قال رسول الله ﷺ «لا يَمْنَعْ جَارٌ جَارَهُ أَنْ يَغْرِزَ خَشَبَةً فِي جِدَارِهِ».

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "A neighbor should not prevent his neighbor from driving a piece of wood into his (shared) wall."

قال رسول الله ﷺ «مَنْ طَالَبَ حَقًّا فَلْيَطْلُبْهُ فِي عَفَافٍ» وَافٍ، أَوْ غَيْرِ وَافٍ».

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "Whoever claims a right should claim it with chastity/modesty (in 'iffah'), whether it is fully due (wāfin) or not fully due."

الباب الثاني: فقه القضاء، نظام القضاء والإمارة في الإسلام

Chapter Two: Jurisprudence of the Judiciary — The Judicial System and the Imamate in Islam

قال رسول الله ﷺ «إِنِي لَمْ أُومَرْ أَنْ أَنْقُبَ عَنْ قُلُوبِ النَّاسِ وَلَا أَشُقَّ بُطُونَهُمْ».

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: 'I was not commanded to search people's hearts, nor to slit their bellies.'

قال رسول الله ﷺ «رُفِعَ الْقَلَمُ عَنْ ثَلَاثَةٍ عَنِ النَّائِمِ حَتَّىٰ يَسْتَيْقِظَ، وَعَنِ الْمُبْتَلَىٰ حَتَّىٰ يَبْرَأَ، وَعَنِ الصَّبِيِّ حَتَّىٰ يَكْبُرَ».

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: 'The pen has been lifted from three: from the sleeper until he wakes, from the one who is afflicted until he recovers, and from the child until he reaches puberty.'

قال رسول الله ﷺ «كَيْفَ يُقَدِّسُ اللهُ أُمَّةً لا يَأْخُذُ ضَعِيفُهَا حَقَّهُ مِنْ قَوِيِّهَا، وَهُوَ غَيْرُ مُتَعْتَعٍ».

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: 'How can Allah sanctify a nation whose weak do not obtain their rights from their strong, when He does not act capriciously?'

الباب الثالث: أقضية الرسول صلوات الله وسلامه عليه

Chapter Three: The Judicial Cases of the Messenger, may Allah's blessings and peace be upon him

قال رسول الله ﷺ «مَا تَأْمُرُنِي؟.. تَأْمُرُنِي أَنْ آمُرَهُ أَنْ يَدَعَ يَدَهُ فِي فِيكَ تَقْضَمُهَا كَمَا يَقْضَمُ الفَحْلُ؟ اذْفَعْ يَدَكَ حَتَّى يَعَضَّهَا ثُمَّ انْتَزِعْهَا».

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: 'What do you command me? Do you command me to tell him to leave his hand in you so that he will gnaw it as the stallion gnaws? Push your hand until he bites it, then pull it away.'

قال رسول الله ﷺ «مَا عَلَّمْتَهُ إِذْ كَانَ جَاهِلًا، وَلا أَطْعَمْتَهُ إِذْ كَانَ جَائِعًا».

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: 'I did not teach him when he was ignorant, nor did I feed him when he was hungry.'

قال رسول الله ﷺ «يَا زُبَيْرُ اسْقِ، ثُمَّ احْبِسِ الْمَاءَ حَتَّى يَرْجِعَ إِلَى الْجَدْرِ».

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: 'O Zubayr, give water, then hold back the water until it returns to the pot.'